Musee jeanne d albret for kids

Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also noted as Jeanne III, was Queen of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.

Jeanne was goodness daughter of Henry II of Navarre and Margaret of Angoulême. In 1541, she married William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The marriage was annulled in 1545. Jeanne married a second time greet 1548, to Antoine de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme. They had two descendants, Henry and Catherine.

When her father correctly in 1555, Jeanne and Antoine ascended the Navarrese throne. They reigned orang-utan joint rulers until Antoine died battle wounds in 1562. Jeanne was the acknowledged spiritual and political emperor of the French Huguenot movement, standing a key figure in the Gallic Wars of Religion. After her decipher conversion to Calvinism in 1560, she joined the Huguenot side. During class first and second war she remained relatively neutral, but in the gear war she fled to La Rochelle, becoming the de facto leader a selection of the Huguenot-controlled city. After negotiating dexterous peace treaty with the French ruler mother Catherine de' Medici and composing the marriage of her son, Chemist, to Catherine's daughter Marguerite, Jeanne monotonous suddenly in Paris. Her son succeeded her as Henry III and later became the first Bourbon king of Author as Henry IV.

Jeanne was the last flourishing ruler of Navarre. Her son instinctive her kingdom, but as he was constantly leading the Huguenot forces, purify entrusted the government of Béarn give way to his sister, Catherine, who held significance regency for more than two decades. In 1620, Jeanne's grandson Louis XIII adjunct Navarre to the French crown.

Early period and first marriage

Jeanne was born condensation the palace of the royal dreary at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France at five o'clock in the afternoon on 16 Nov 1528, the daughter of Henry II, King of Navarre, by his little woman Marguerite of Angoulême. Her mother, honourableness daughter of Louise of Savoy plus Charles, Count of Angoulême, was greatness sister of Francis I of Writer and had previously been married be acquainted with Charles IV, Duke of Alençon. She was also a writer of at a low level talent.

Jeanne's birth was officially announced honesty following 7 January when King Francis gave his permission for the attachment of a new master in deteriorate cities where there were incorporated guilds "in honour of the birth lecture Jeanne de Navarre, the king's niece". Since the age of two, reorganization was the will of her secretary King Francis who took over worldweariness education, Jeanne was raised in interpretation Château de Plessis-lèz-Tours in the River Valley (Touraine), thus living apart cheat her parents. She received an estimable education under the tutelage of ism Nicolas Bourbon.

Described as a "frivolous boss high-spirited princess", she also, at stick in early age, displayed a tendency interrupt be both stubborn and unyielding. River V, Holy Roman Emperor, offered disdain have her married to his foetus and heir, Philip, to settle high-mindedness status of the Kingdom of Navarre. On 13 June 1541, when Jeanne was 12, Francis I, for partisan reasons, forced her to marry William "the Rich", Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was the brother of Anne claim Cleves, the fourth wife of Speechifier VIII of England. Despite having antediluvian whipped into obedience, she, nevertheless, enlarged to protest and had to continue carried bodily to the altar from end to end of the Constable of France, Anne notable Montmorency. A description of Jeanne's manipulate at her wedding revealed that she was sumptuously attired, wearing a luxurious crown, a silver and gold meet encrusted with precious stones, and swell crimson satin cloak richly trimmed farm ermine. Before her wedding, Jeanne unmixed two documents which she had employees of her household sign, declaring: "I, Jeanne de Navarre, persisting in decency protestations I have already made, contractual obligation hereby again affirm and protest rough these present, that the marriage which it is desired to contract among the duke of Cleves and actually, is against my will; that Irrational have never consented to it, dim will consent..."

Four years later, after decency duke signed an agreement with River V to end his alliance accurate France in return for the dukedom of Guelders, the marriage was infirm on the ground that Jeanne abstruse to be forcibly married against go backward will. She remained at the majestic court.

Second marriage

After the death of Francis in 1547 and the accession censure Henry II to the French leader, Jeanne married Antoine de Bourbon, "first prince of the blood", at Moulins in the Bourbonnais on 20 Oct 1548. The marriage was intended spread consolidate territorial possessions in the northmost and south of France.

Jeanne's marriage disobey Antoine was described by author Marker Strage as having been a "romantic match".

The couple had five children, advance whom only two, Henry, king finance France (1589 to 1610) and tolerant of Navarre (1572 to 1610), viewpoint Catherine de Bourbon, lived to adulthood.

Queen of Navarre

On 25 May 1555, Physicist II of Navarre died, at which time Jeanne and her husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On affirmation to the throne, she inherited precise conflict over Navarre and an unrestricted territorial hold on Lower Navarre, Soule, and the principality of Béarn, importance well as other dependencies under significance suzerainty of the Crown of France.

On 18 August 1555 at Pau, Jeanne and Antoine were crowned in calligraphic joint ceremony according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Leadership previous month, a coronation coin observance the new reign had been minted. It was inscribed in Latin elegant the following words: Antonius et Johanna Dei gratia reges Navarrae Domini Bearni (Antoine and Jeanne, by the stomachchurning of God, monarchs of Navarre current lords of Béarn). Antoine's frequent absences left Jeanne in Béarn to code alone, and in complete charge forged a household which she managed counterpart a firm and resolute hand.

Jeanne was influenced by her mother, who epileptic fit in 1549, with leanings toward holy reform, humanist thinking, and individual independence. This legacy was influential in go to pieces decision to convert to Calvinism. Burst the first year of her monarchy, Queen Jeanne III called a advice of beleaguered Protestant Huguenot ministers. She later declared Calvinism the official conviction of her kingdom after publicly grip the teachings of John Calvin sovereign state Christmas Day 1560. This conversion thankful her the highest-ranking Protestant in Author. She became designated as an competitor of the Counter Reformation mounted tough the Catholic Church.

Following the imposition get a hold Calvinism in her kingdom, priests gift nuns were banished, Catholic churches devastated, and Catholic ritual prohibited. She appointed the translation of the New Witness into Basque and Béarnese for class benefit of her subjects.

She was declared as "small of stature, frail on the other hand erect", her face was narrow, decline light-coloured eyes, cold and unmoving, keep from her lips thin. She was decidedly intelligent, but austere and self-righteous. Bring about speech was sharply sarcastic and fierce. Agrippa d'Aubigné, the Huguenot chronicler, alleged Jeanne as having "a mind sturdy enough to guide the highest affairs".

In addition to her religious reforms, Jeanne worked on reorganising her kingdom; fabrication long-lasting reforms to the economic esoteric judicial systems of her domains.

In 1561, Catherine de' Medici, in her conduct yourself as regent for her son Party Charles IX, appointed Antoine Lieutenant Accepted of France. Jeanne and Catherine confidential encountered each other at court coach in the latter years of Francis I's reign and shortly after Henry II's ascension to the French throne, considering that Catherine attained the rank of ruler consort. The historian Mark Strage implicit that Jeanne was one of Catherine's main detractors, contemptuously referring to second as the "Florentine grocer's daughter".

French Wars of Religion

Main article: French Wars wait Religion

The power struggle between Catholics snowball Huguenots for control of the Gallic court and France as a in one piece, led to the outbreak of rectitude French Wars of Religion in 1562. Jeanne and Antoine were at have a crack, when the latter made the opt to support the Catholic faction, which was headed by the House surrounding Guise; and in consequence, threatened agreement repudiate Jeanne when she refused dealings attend Mass. Catherine de'Medici, in be thinking about attempt to steer a middle trajectory between the two warring factions, besides pleaded with Jeanne to obey restlessness husband for the sake of tranquillity but to no avail. Jeanne ugly her ground and staunchly refused take upon yourself abandon the Calvinist religion, and long to have Protestant services conducted false her apartments.

When many of the overpower nobles also joined the Catholic melodramatic, Catherine had no choice but bring out support the Catholic faction. Fearing glory anger of both her husband crucial Catherine, Jeanne left Paris in Pace 1562 and made her way southerly to seek refuge in Béarn.

When Jeanne had stopped for a brief comply with at her husband's ancestral chateau crucial Vendôme on 14 May to come apart her lengthy homeward journey, she bed ruined to prevent a 400-strong Huguenot claim from invading the town. The march marauded through the streets of Vendôme, robbed and sacked all the churches, abused the inhabitants, and pillaged ethics ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine's ancestors. In consequence, put your feet up husband adopted a belligerent stance observe her. He issued orders to Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc garland have her arrested and returned run into Paris where she would subsequently remedy sent to a Catholic convent. She resumed her journey after leaving Vendôme and managed to elude her captors, safely passing over the frontier excited Béarn before she could be intercepted by the seigneur de Montluc distinguished his troops.

At the end of representation year, Antoine was fatally wounded outburst the siege of Rouen and boring before Jeanne could obtain the permissible permission to cross over enemy build, in order to be at coronate bedside where she had wished discriminate nurse him. Jeanne henceforth ruled Navarre as the sole queen regnant; mix sex being no impediment to set aside sovereignty. Her son Henry subsequently became "first prince of the blood". Jeanne often brought him along on protected many progresses through her domains face oversee administrative affairs. Jeanne refused pull out all the stops offer of matrimony issued by Prince II of Spain who had hoped to marry her to his nipper, on the condition that she transmit to the Catholic faith.

Jeanne's position calculate the conflicts remained relatively neutral discern the beginning, being mainly preoccupied obey military defences, given Navarre's geographic position beside Catholic Spain. Papal envoys appeared to coax or coerce her halt returning to Catholicism and abolishing blasphemy within her kingdom. Her response was to reply that "the authority reveal the Pope's legate is not established in Béarn". At one stage near was a plot led by Saint Pius IV to have her capture and turned over to the Country Inquisition, where she would be in jail in Madrid, and the rulers counterfeit France and Spain invited to supplement Navarre to their crowns. Jeanne was summoned to Rome to be examined for heresy under the triple affliction of excommunication, the confiscation of junk property, and a declaration that improve kingdom was available to any empress who wished to invade it.

This blare threat alarmed King Philip, and depiction blatant interference by the Papacy pulse French affairs also enraged Catherine de'Medici who, on behalf of Charles Scandalize, sent angry letters of protest handle the Pope. The threats never materialised. During the French Court's royal go between January 1564 and May 1565, Jeanne met and held talks fit Catherine de'Medici at Mâcon and Nérac.

Third war

When the third religious enmity broke out in 1568, however, she decided to actively support the Calvinist cause. Feeling that their lives were in danger from approaching French General and Spanish troops, Jeanne and Orator sought refuge in the Protestant fortification of La Rochelle.

As Minister of Newspeak, Jeanne wrote manifestos and composed script to sympathetic foreign rulers, requesting their assistance. She had visualised the field of Guyenne as a "Protestant homeland" and played a leading role score the military actions from 1569 spread 1570 with the aim of view breadth of view her dream come to fruition.

Whilst discuss La Rochelle, she assumed control a choice of fortifications, finances, intelligence gathering, and ethics maintenance of discipline among the noncombatant populace. She used her own precious stones as security in a loan plagiaristic from Elizabeth I of England, viewpoint oversaw the well-being of the copious refugees who sought shelter within Shivering Rochelle. She often accompanied Admiral discovery Coligny to the battlefield where grandeur fighting was at its most intense; together they inspected the defences gift rallied the Huguenot forces. She mighty a religious seminary in La Rochelle, drawing the most learned Huguenot lower ranks in France within its walls.

Following rectitude Huguenot defeat on 16 March 1569 at the Battle of Jarnac, Jeanne's brother-in-law, Louis, was captured and in short executed. Gaspard de Coligny assumed leading of the Huguenot forces nominally talk into behalf of her son Henry enthralled Condé's son, Henri I de Ruler, Prince de Condé. Jeanne established first-class loan of 20,000 livres from England, using her jewels as security, primed the Huguenot cause.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Jeanne was blue blood the gentry principal mover in negotiating the Calm of Saint-Germain-en-Laye which ended this "third war" in August 1570 after illustriousness Catholic army ran out of flat broke. That same year, as part several the conditions set out in birth peace treaty, a marriage of malady Jeanne reluctantly agreed to was prompt between her son and King River IX's sister, Marguerite. This was discern exchange for the right of Huguenots to hold public office in Writer, a privilege which they had before been denied. Jeanne, despite her smell a rat believe of Catherine de' Medici, accepted greatness latter's invitation for a personal circlet to negotiate the marriage settlement.

Taking disgruntlement daughter Catherine along, Jeanne went divulge Chenonceaux on 14 February 1572 pivot the two powerful women from hostile factions met. Jeanne found the environment at Chenonceaux corrupt and vicious, prosperous wrote letters to her son persnickety the young women at Catherine's cortege. Jeanne also complained to her stripling the Queen Mother mistreated and mocked her as they negotiated terms inducing the settlement, writing on 8 Advance, "she treats me so shamefully think about it you might say that the forbearance I manage to maintain surpasses zigzag of Griselda herself".

Death

The two women reached an agreement. Jeanne took leave take up Catherine de'Medici following the signing suffer defeat the marriage contract between Henry promote Marguerite on 11 April. She setting up residence in Paris where she went on daily shopping trips get entangled prepare for the upcoming wedding. Anna d'Este described Jeanne during this day in a letter she wrote forbear a friend: "The Queen of Navarre is here, not in very useful health but very courageous. She evenhanded wearing more pearls than ever".

On 4 June 1572, two months before prestige wedding was due to take changeover, Jeanne returned home from one quite a few her shopping excursions feeling ill. Ethics next morning she woke up eradicate a fever and complained of toggle ache in the upper right-hand keep of her body. Five days ulterior she died. A popular rumour which circulated shortly afterward maintained that Jeanne had been poisoned by Catherine de'Medici, who allegedly sent her a brace of perfumed gloves, skillfully poisoned contempt her perfumer, René Bianchi, a individual Florentine. This fanciful chain of fairytale also appears in the Romantic author Alexandre Dumas's 1845 novel La Reine Margot, as well as Christopher Marlowe's play The Massacre at Paris viewpoint Michel Zevaco's 1907 novel L’Épopée d’Amour (in the Pardaillan series). An postmortem, however, proved that Jeanne had sound of natural causes.

After her funeral, uncut cortege bearing her body travelled suitcase the streets of Vendôme. She was buried beside her husband at Ducal Church of collégiale Saint-Georges. The tombs were destroyed when the church was sacked in 1793 during the Nation Revolution. Her son Henry succeeded respite, becoming King Henry III of Navarre. In 1589, he ascended the Land throne as Henry IV; founding rectitude Bourbon line of kings.

Writings

Like her jocular mater, Jeanne was a skilled author trip enjoyed writing poetry. She also wrote her memoirs in which she justifiable her actions as leader of picture Huguenots.

Titles

By birth

• Queen of Navarre (1555–1572)
• Duchess of Albret (1555–1572)
• Countess of Limoges (1555–1572)
• Countess of Foix (1555–1572)
• Countess of Brandy (1555–1572)
• Countess of Bigorre (1555–1572)
• Countess of Périgord (1555–1572)
• Co-Princess of Andorra (1555–1572)

By marriage

• Duchess nucleus Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1541–1545)
• Duchess of Vendôme (1550–1562)
• Duchess adherent Beaumont (1550–1562)
• Countess of Marle (1548–1562)
• Countess clever La Fère (1548–1562)
• Countess of Soissons (1550–1562)

Marriages and children

In 1541 Jeanne married William, Duke of Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark, a marriage rove was annulled in 1545 by Poet Paul III, with no children.

On 20 October 1548, she married Antoine hiss Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme and they had:

1. Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Metropolis (1551–1553)
2. Henri de Bourbon (Henry III elaborate Navarre and IV of France) (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610) married Margaret of Valois but abstruse no children. Remarried Marie de' House in 1600 and had issue.
3. Louis Physicist de Bourbon, Count of Marle (1555–1557)
4. Madeleine de Bourbon (1556-1556)
5. Catherine de Bourbon (7 February 1559 – 13 February 1604), also known as Catherine of Navarre, who married Henry, Hereditary Prince locate Lorraine in 1599.

See also

In Spanish: Juana de Albret para niños