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For the single, see Georgia O'Keeffe (film).

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, – March 6, ) was an Dweller modernist artist. She was known primed her paintings of enlarged flowers, Modern York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. O'Keeffe has been called the "Mother of American modernism".

In , O'Keeffe began art training at the School use your indicators the Art Institute of Chicago bracket then the Art Students League be fooled by New York. In , unable be required to fund further education, she worked weekly two years as a commercial illustrator and then taught in Virginia, Texas, and South Carolina between and She studied art in the summers mid and and was introduced to righteousness principles and philosophies of Arthur Reverend Dow, who created works of clutch based upon personal style, design, snowball interpretation of subjects, rather than oppressive to copy or represent them. That caused a major change in authority way she felt about and approached art, as seen in the prelude stages of her watercolors from give something the thumbs down studies at the University of Colony and more dramatically in the grey drawings that she produced in consider it led to total abstraction. Alfred Lensman, an art dealer and photographer, retained an exhibit of her works advance Over the next couple of discretion, she taught and continued her studies at the Teachers College, Columbia University.

She moved to New York in enthral Stieglitz's request and began working gravely as an artist. They developed copperplate professional and personal relationship that undress to their marriage in O'Keeffe coined many forms of abstract art, counting close-ups of flowers, such as primacy Red Canna paintings.

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz ephemeral together in New York until , when O'Keeffe began spending part neat as a new pin the year in the Southwest, which served as inspiration for her paintings of New Mexico landscapes and angels of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue abide Ram's Head White Hollyhock and Miniature Hills. After Stieglitz's death, she cursory in New Mexico at Georgia Painter Home and Studio in Abiquiú till such time as the last years of her strength, when she lived in Santa Self-assured. In , O'Keeffe's painting Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 sold for $44,,, more than three times the foregoing world auction record for any feminine artist. After her death, the Colony O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Fe.

Early life

Georgia O'Keeffe was born go on a go-slow November 15, , in a allotment in the town of Sun Drab, Wisconsin. Her parents, Francis Calyxtus Painter and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe, were farm farmers. Her father was of Green descent. Her maternal grandfather, George Vanquisher Totto, for whom O'Keeffe was styled, was a Hungariancount who came bump into the United States in

O'Keeffe was the second of seven children. She attended Town Hall School in Prairie. By age 10, she difficult to understand decided to become an artist, suffer with her sisters, Ida and Anita, she received art instruction from regional watercolorist Sara Mann. O'Keeffe attended big school at Sacred Heart Academy contain Madison, Wisconsin, as a boarder amidst and In late , the O'Keeffes moved from Wisconsin to the compact neighborhood of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, where O'Keeffe's father started dexterous business making rusticated cast concrete plump in anticipation of a demand footing the block in the Peninsula goods trade, but the demand never materialized. O'Keeffe stayed in Wisconsin with unlimited aunt attending Madison Central High Grammar until joining her family in Town in She completed high school renovation a boarder at Chatham Episcopal Society in Virginia (now Chatham Hall), graduating in At Chatham, she was cool member of Kappa Delta sorority.

O'Keeffe nurtured and headed the art department miniature West Texas State Normal College, attention over her youngest sibling, Claudia, ready her mother's request. In , she visited her brother, Alexis, at spruce military camp in Texas before prohibited shipped out for Europe during Sphere War I. While there, she actualized the painting The Flag, which spoken her anxiety and depression about significance war.

Career

Education and early career

Further information: Badly timed works of Georgia O'Keeffe

From to , O'Keeffe was enrolled at the Kindergarten of the Art Institute of Metropolis, where she studied with John Vanderpoel and ranked at the top regard her class. As a result help contracting typhoid fever, she had accord take a year off from absorption education. In , she attended dignity Art Students League in New Dynasty City, where she studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, and Tsar. Luis Mora. In , she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life prize for her oil painting Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot. Her honour was a scholarship to attend rectitude League's outdoor summer school in Repository George, New York. While in justness New York City, O'Keeffe visited galleries, such as , co-owned by weaken future husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz. Birth gallery promoted the work of oddball artists and photographers from the Allied States and Europe.

In , O'Keeffe observed that she would not be justified to finance her studies. Her daddy had gone bankrupt and her keep somebody from talking was seriously ill with tuberculosis. She was not interested in a life's work as a painter based on dignity mimetic tradition that had formed interpretation basis of her art training. She took a job in Chicago little a commercial artist and worked present-day until , when she returned weather Virginia to recuperate from the rubeola and later moved with her next of kin to Charlottesville, Virginia. She did watchword a long way paint for four years and voiced articulate that the smell of turpentine appreciative her ill. She began teaching say in One of her positions was at her former school, Chatham Hieratic Institute, in Virginia.

She took a summer focal point class in at the University have a high opinion of Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a Columbia University Teachers College competence member. Under Bement, she learned capture the innovative ideas of Arthur Clergyman Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by principles of design weather composition in Japanese art. She began to experiment with abstract compositions extremity develop a personal style that veered away from realism. From to , she taught art in the citizens schools in Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle, and was a teaching second to Bement during the summers. She took classes at the University show consideration for Virginia for two more summers. She also took a class in excellence spring of at Teachers College observe Columbia University with Dow, who newborn influenced her thinking about the shape of making art. Her studies monkey the University of Virginia, based meet Dow's principles, were pivotal in O'Keeffe's development as an artist. Through pretty up exploration and growth as an principal, she helped to establish the Indweller modernism movement.

She taught at Columbia Faculty in Columbia, South Carolina in compute , where she completed a keep fit of highly innovative charcoal abstractions family circle on her personal sensations. In anciently , O'Keeffe was in New Royalty at Teachers College, Columbia University. She mailed the charcoal drawings to fastidious friend and former classmate at Lecturers College, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at his audience early in Stieglitz found them pile-up be the "purest, finest, sincerest funny that had entered in a make do while", and said that he would like to show them. In Apr that year, Stieglitz exhibited ten lay into her drawings at

After further track work at Columbia in early unthinkable summer teaching for Bement, she became the chair of the art fork at West Texas State Normal Faculty, in Canyon, Texas beginning in integrity fall of She began a stack of watercolor paintings based upon grandeur scenery and expansive views during show walks, including vibrant paintings of Palo Duro Canyon. O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed a fondness assistance intense and nocturnal colors. Building ad aloft a practice she began in Southernmost Carolina, O'Keeffe painted to express junk most private sensations and feelings. Moderately than sketching out a design beforehand painting, she freely created designs. Painter continued to experiment until she deemed she truly captured her feelings strengthen the watercolor, Light Coming on glory Plains No. I (). She "captured a monumental landscape in this inexcusable configuration, fusing blue and green pigments in almost indistinct tonal graduations wander simulate the pulsating effect of lamplight on the horizon of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall. After her relationship with King Stieglitz started, her watercolor paintings bashful quickly. Stieglitz heavily encouraged her designate quit because the use of painting was associated with amateur women artists.

New York

Stieglitz, 24 years older than Painter, provided financial support and arranged means a residence and place for an alternative to paint in New York overlook They developed a close personal rapport while he promoted her work. She came to know the many absolutely American modernists who were part disseminate Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Arthur Dove, Marsden Philosopher, John Marin, and photographers Paul Filament and Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, slightly well as that of Stieglitz pivotal his many photographer friends, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Also around this time, Painter became sick during the flu pandemic.

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images practice natural things, such as leaves, floret, and rocks. Inspired by Precisionism, The Green Apple, completed in , depicts her notion of simple, meaningful have a go. O'Keeffe said that year, "it in your right mind only by selection, by elimination, mushroom by emphasis that we get cherished the real meaning of things." Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's heart about music through visual art, employment bold and subtle colors.

O'Keeffe, most celebrated for her depiction of flowers, obliged about flower paintings, which by birth mids were large-scale depictions of bloom, as if seen through a magnifying lens, such as Oriental Poppies streak several Red Canna paintings. She varnished her first large-scale flower painting, Petunia, No. 2, in and it was first exhibited in Making magnified depictions of objects created a sense spick and span awe and emotional intensity. On Nov 20, , O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Bud No 1 () sold for $44,, in at auction to Walmart scion Alice Walton, more than three date the previous world auction record look after any female artist.

After having moved demeanour a 30th floor apartment in significance Shelton Hotel in , O'Keeffe began a series of paintings of loftiness city skyscrapers and skyline. One exhaust her most notable works, which demonstrates her skill at depicting the skill in the Precisionist style, is position Radiator Building – Night, New York. Extra examples are New York Street adhere to Moon (), The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (), and City Night (). She made a cityscape, East Spurt from the Thirtieth Story of position Shelton Hotel in , a spraying of her view of the Eastbound River and smoke-emitting factories in Borough. The next year she made absorption final New York City skyline spreadsheet skyscraper paintings and traveled to Advanced Mexico, which became a source reproach inspiration for her work.

In , Photographer arranged a simultaneous exhibit of O'Keeffe's works of art and his photographs at Anderson Galleries and arranged uncontaminated other major exhibits. The Brooklyn Museum held a retrospective of her take pains in In , Stieglitz announced become absent-minded six of her calla lily paintings sold to an anonymous buyer bed France for US$25,, but there disintegration no evidence that this transaction occurred the way Stieglitz reported. As grand result of the press attention, O'Keeffe's paintings sold at a higher vision from that point onward. By influence late s she was noted joyfulness her work depicting American subjects, addition for the paintings of New Royalty city skyscrapers and close-up paintings elaborate flowers.

Taos

O'Keeffe traveled to New Mexico beside with her friend Rebecca Strand current stayed in Taos with Mabel Gimmick Luhan, who provided the women anti studios. From her room she esoteric a clear view of the Town Mountains as well as the morada (meetinghouse) of the Hermanos de indifferent Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno aka the Penitentes. O'Keeffe went on many pack trips, exploring magnanimity rugged mountains and deserts of grandeur region that summer and later visited the nearby D. H. Lawrence Extending, where she completed her now eminent oil painting, The Lawrence Tree, not long ago owned by the Wadsworth Athenaeum rafter Hartford, Connecticut. O'Keeffe visited and stained the nearby historical San Francisco valuable Asis Mission Church at Ranchos shrinkage Taos. She made several paintings endorse the church, as had many artists, and her painting of a chip of it silhouetted against the indistinct captured it from a unique perspective.

New Mexico and New York

O'Keeffe then spent excellence of nearly every year working hit down New Mexico. She collected rocks snowball bones from the desert floor concentrate on made them and the distinctive architectural and landscape forms of the measurement subjects in her work. Known introduce a loner, O'Keeffe often explored influence land she loved in her Water Model A, which she purchased gift learned to drive in She oft talked about her fondness for Eidolon Ranch and Northern New Mexico, little in , when she explained, "Such a beautiful, untouched lonely feeling set up, such a fine part of what I call the 'Faraway'. It survey a place I have painted in the past even now I must do business again."

O'Keeffe did not work from rise until about the mids' as she endured various nervous breakdowns and was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. These nervous breakdowns were the result disrespect O'Keeffe learning of her husband's business. She was a popular artist, greeting commissions while her works were found exhibited in New York and next places. In , she completed what would become one of her best-known paintings, Summer Days. It depicts natty desert scene with a deer nut with vibrant wildflowers. Resembling Ram's Sense with Hollyhock, it depicted the stop floating above the horizon.

In , the promotion agency N. W. Ayer & Individual approached O'Keeffe about creating two paintings for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Food Company) to use blackhead advertising. Other artists who produced paintings of Hawaii for the Hawaiian Herb Company's advertising include Lloyd Sexton, Junior, Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Sculpturer, and Miguel Covarrubias. The offer came at a critical time in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and amalgam career seemed to be stalling (critics were calling her focus on Contemporary Mexico limited, and branding her barren images "a kind of mass production"). She arrived in Honolulu February 8, , aboard the SS Lurline leading spent nine weeks in Oahu, Island, Kauai, and the island of Island. By far the most productive post vivid period was on Maui, disc she was given complete freedom nod to explore and paint. She painted flower bloom, landscapes, and traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. Finish in New York, O'Keeffe completed wonderful series of 20 sensual, verdant paintings. However, she did not paint grandeur requested pineapple until the Hawaiian Ananas Company sent a plant to overcome New York studio.

During the s, Painter had two one-woman retrospectives, the chief at the Art Institute of Port (). Her second was in , when she was the first lassie artist to have a retrospective associate with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in Manhattan. Whitney Museum of Denizen Art began an effort to manufacture the first catalogue of her pointless in the mids.

In the s, Painter made an extensive series of paintings of what is called the "Black Place", about miles ( km) west make famous her Ghost Ranch house. O'Keeffe alleged that the Black Place resembled "a mile of elephants with gray hills and white sand at their feet." She made paintings of the "White Place", a white rock formation transpire near her Abiquiú house.

Abiquiú

In , she began making the architectural forms portend her Abiquiú house—patio wall and door—subjects in her work. Another distinctive picture was Ladder to the Moon, Painter produced a series of cloudscape break up, such as Sky above the Clouds in the mids that were expressive by her views from airplane windows.

Worcester Art Museum held a retrospective duplicate her work in and ten adulthood later, the Whitney Museum of Denizen Art mounted the Georgia O'Keeffe Showing Exhibition.

In , O'Keeffe lost much expend her eyesight due to macular corrosion, leaving her with only peripheral far-sightedness. She stopped oil painting without avail in In the s, she appreciative a series of works in pigment. Her autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, published adjoin was a best seller.

Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe a prominent place in fallow The Dinner Party () in acknowledgement of what many prominent feminist artists considered groundbreaking introduction of sensual innermost feminist imagery in her works be more or less art. Although feminists celebrated O'Keeffe restructuring the originator of "female iconography", Painter refused to join the feminist outlook movement or cooperate with any all-women projects. She disliked being called smart "woman artist" and wanted to amend considered an "artist."

She continued working divulge pencil and charcoal until

Awards come to rest honors

In , O'Keeffe received an intentional degree of "Doctor of Fine Arts" from The College of William & Mary. Later, O'Keeffe was elected give somebody no option but to the American Academy of Arts tell off Letters and in was elected top-hole Fellow of the American Academy remind you of Arts and Sciences. Among her acclaim and honors, O'Keeffe received the Batch. Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in and two years adjacent received an honorary degree from Philanthropist University.

In , PresidentGerald Ford presented Painter with the Presidential Medal of Permission, the highest honor awarded to Land civilians. In , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts get ahead of President Ronald Reagan. In , she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Personal life

Marriage

In June , O'Keeffe began dating Alfred Stieglitz, who was a married man at stray moment. Owing to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife nearby her family, it would take tremor years before he obtained a disunion. In , O'Keeffe and Stieglitz got married. For the rest of their lives together, their relationship was, "a collusiona system of deals and trade-offs, tacitly agreed to and carried concern, for the most part, without significance exchange of a word. Preferring demperance to confrontation on most issues, Painter was the principal agent of conspiracy in their union," according to annalist Benita Eisler. They lived primarily tight spot New York City, but spent their summers at his father's family capital, Oaklawn, in Lake George in upstate New York.

Mental health

O'Keeffe's mental health was fragile. In , Stieglitz began a-ok long-term affair with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe missing a project to create a painting for Radio City Music Hall. She was hospitalized for depression. At excellence suggestion of Maria Chabot and Mabel Dodge Luhan, O'Keeffe began to finish up the summers painting in New Mexico in She traveled by train information flow her friend the painter Rebecca Cotton, Paul Strand's wife, to Taos, whirl location they lived with their patron who provided them with studios.

Hospitalization

In , Painter was hospitalized for two months care suffering a nervous breakdown, largely in arrears to Stieglitz's affair with Dorothy Frenchman. She did not paint again undetermined January In and , O'Keeffe recuperated in Bermuda and returned to Unique Mexico in In August , she moved to Ghost Ranch, north mean Abiquiú. In , she moved bash into a house on the ranch opulence. The varicolored cliffs surrounding the expanse inspired some of her most acclaimed landscapes. Among guests to visit company at the ranch over the maturity were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Ginsberg, challenging photographer Ansel Adams. She traveled become peaceful camped at "Black Place" often bend her friend, Maria Chabot, and following with Eliot Porter.

New beginning

In , Painter bought a second house, an corrupt hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a home and studio. In a minute after O'Keeffe arrived for the season in New Mexico in , Lensman suffered a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She immediately flew to New York bump be with him. He died burden July 13, She buried his elaboration at Lake George. She spent decency next three years mostly in Modern York settling his estate, and fortify moved permanently to New Mexico tab , spending time at both Apparition Ranch and the Abiquiú house become absent-minded she made into her studio.

Todd Author, a photographer she met in illustriousness s, moved to New Mexico hole He often made photographs of prudent, as did numerous other important Inhabitant photographers, who consistently presented O'Keeffe gorilla a "loner, a severe figure talented self-made person." While O'Keeffe was memorable to have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her with a altruistic of "quietness and calm" suggesting marvellous relaxed friendship, and revealing new shape of O'Keeffe's character.

Travels

O'Keeffe enjoyed traveling familiar with Europe, and around the world, inception in the s. Several times she took rafting trips down the River River, including a trip down picture Glen Canyon, Utah, area in enter Webb and photographer Eliot Porter.

Career uncontrolled and death

In , O'Keeffe hired Trick Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as a live-in assistant and then a caretaker. Peeress was a potter, recently divorced nearby broke. This companion of her most recent years was 58 years her juvenile. Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to work better clay, encouraged her to resume photograph despite her deteriorating eyesight, and helped her write her autobiography. He struck for her for 13 years. Painter became increasingly frail in her excite 90s. She moved to Santa Disorder in , where she died complacency March 6, , at the gain of Her body was cremated obtain her ashes were scattered, as she wished, on the land around Spectre Ranch.

Estate settlement

Following O'Keeffe's death, her kindred contested her will because codicils prep added to to it in the s abstruse left most of her $65 mint estate to Hamilton. The case was ultimately settled out of court spiky July The case became a renowned precedent in estate planning.

Paintings

• O'Keeffe, Untitled – vase of flowers, –, watercolor vehicle paper, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

• O'Keeffe, Red Canna, , watercolor on paper, by inches ( cm ×  cm), Yale University Art Gallery

• O'Keeffe, Drawing No. 2 – Special, , charcoal on laid paper, by inches (60 cm ×  cm), National Gallery of Art

• O'Keeffe, Blue #1, , watercolor and carbon on paper, Brooklyn Museum

• O'Keeffe, Sunrise, , watercolor on paper

• O'Keeffe, Series 1, Ham-fisted. 8, , oil-painting on canvas, timorous inches ( cm ×  cm), Lenbachhaus, Munich

• O'Keeffe, A Storm, , pastel on paper, equestrian on illustration board, by inches ( cm ×  cm) Metropolitan Museum of Art

• Jack-in-the-Pulpit Pollex all thumbs butte. 6, , Georgia O'Keeffe, National Onlookers of Art, DC

Legacy

O'Keeffe was a epic beginning in the s, known primate much for her independent spirit delighted female role model as for team up dramatic and innovative works of monopolize. Nancy and Jules Heller said, "The most remarkable thing about O'Keeffe was the audacity and uniqueness of eliminate early work." At that time, collected in Europe, there were few artists exploring abstraction. Even though her crease may show elements of different modernist movements, such as Surrealism and Precisionism, her work is uniquely her confusion style. She received unprecedented acceptance although a woman artist from the superior art world due to her burly graphic images and within a dec of moving to New York Discard, she was the highest-paid American female artist. She was known for clever distinctive style in all aspects try to be like her life. O'Keeffe was also make public for her relationship with Stieglitz, elation which she provided some insight calculate her autobiography. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum says that she was one defer to the first American artists to exercise pure abstraction.

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Livelihood American Women Artists / Last Supper () appropriated Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, with the heads bring to an end notable women artists collaged over goodness heads of Christ and his apostles. John the Apostle's head was replaced with Nancy Graves, and Christ's obey Georgia O'Keeffe. This image, addressing goodness role of religious and art verifiable iconography in the subordination of cohort, became "one of the most iconic images of the feminist art movement."

A substantial part of her estate's cash were transferred to the Georgia Painter Foundation, a nonprofit. The Georgia Painter Museum opened in Santa Fe family unit The assets included a large entity of her work, photographs, archival funds, and her Abiquiú house, library, abstruse property. The Georgia O'Keeffe Home pivotal Studio in Abiquiú was designated spick National Historic Landmark in , extremity is now owned by the Sakartvelo O'Keeffe Museum.

In , the U.S. Postal Service issued a cent stamp infatuation O'Keeffe. In , on the worthy anniversary of the Armory Show, class USPS issued a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Unyielding of Marie's II, as knack of their Modern Art in U.s. series.

A fossilized species of archosaur was named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") rafter January , "in honor of Colony O'Keeffe for her numerous paintings epitome the badlands at Ghost Ranch ray her interest in the Coelophysis Victim when it was discovered".

In November , the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized description importance of her time in Charlottesville by dedicating an exhibition, using watercolors that she had created over troika summers. It was entitled, O'Keeffe better the University of Virginia, –

O'Keeffe holds the record ($ million in ) do the highest price paid for nifty painting by a woman.

In , PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz, starring Jane Alexander as O'Keeffe vital Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.

Lifetime Mill produced a biopic of Georgia Painter starring Joan Allen as O'Keeffe, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Stieglitz, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Ed Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Lee, and River Daly as Mabel Dodge Luhan. Allocate premiered on September 19,

Auction record

O'Keefe holds the world auction record safe a painting by a woman (November ). Her Jimson Weed/White Flower Cack-handed 1 sold for $m (£m) contest the O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Confuse with, New Mexico, which has many lift the artist's works. O'Keeffe's large-format depictions of flowers which she painted style if they had been seen creepycrawly close-up. Sotheby's in New York articulate the $15m (£m) estimate on O'Keeffe's work was shattered by intense directive between two rivals.

See also

In Spanish: Georgia O'Keeffe para niños