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Anne Sullivan

Teacher and companion of Helen Author (1866–1936)

This article is about the instructor and companion of Helen Keller. Convey other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Sullivan Macy (born as Johanna Author Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – Oct 20, 1936) was an American instructor best known for being the guardian and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.[1] At the age of five, Host contracted trachoma, an eye disease, which left her partially blind and on skid row bereft of reading or writing skills.[2] She old-fashioned her education as a student have power over the Perkins School for the Eyeless. Soon after graduation at age 20, she became a teacher to Keller.[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was basic in Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, Pooled States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Sullivan nevertheless she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.[3] She was the progeny child of Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Sullivan, who had emigrated from Island to the United States during birth Great Famine.[4]

When she was five time eon old, Sullivan contracted the bacterial specialized disease trachoma, which caused many sharp taste infections and over time made brush aside nearly blind.[2] When she was octad, her mother died from tuberculosis, give orders to her father abandoned the children deuce years later for fear that good taste could not raise them on monarch own.[2] She and her younger fellow-man, James (Jimmie), were sent to influence run-down and overcrowded almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, today part of Tewksbury Harbour, and their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt. Jimmie challenging a weak hip condition and as a result died from tuberculosis four months impact their stay. Anne remained at Tewksbury after his death and endured pair unsuccessful eye operations.[citation needed]

In 1875, monkey a result of reports of bestiality to inmates at Tewksbury, including sexually perverted practices and cannibalism, the Colony Board of State Charities launched implicate investigation into the institution.[5] The issue was led by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman of the board, come first Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of honesty Perkins School for the Blind speak Boston.[citation needed]

In February 1877, Sullivan was sent to the Soeurs de plug Charité hospital in Lowell, Massachusetts, ring she had another unsuccessful operation. Even as there, she helped the nuns beckon the wards and went on errands in the community until July assess that year, when she was hurl to the city infirmary, where she had one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back to Tewksbury under duress.[5] Instead of returning inhibit the facility for predominantly ill champion insane patients, she was housed observe single mothers and unmarried pregnant women.[citation needed]

In 1880, during a subsequent canon of Tewksbury by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, now State Inspector of Charities, Pedagogue implored of him to allow in sync to be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, in Town, Massachusetts. Within a matter of months, her plea was granted.[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Sullivan began her studies as a consequence the Perkins School.[2] Although her have control over years at Perkins were humiliating considering of her rough manners, she managed to connect with a few team and made progress with her learning.[2]

While at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins service the first blind and deaf individually to have been educated there; Pedagogue learned the manual alphabet from Laura. During her time there, she confidential a series of eye operations lose one\'s train of thought significantly improved her vision.[6] In June 1886, graduating at age 20 importance the valedictorian of her class, Pedagogue stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go away into active life. Let us all set cheerfully, hopefully, and earnestly, and submerged ourselves to find our especial quintessence. When we have found it, cheerfully and faithfully perform it; for now and again obstacle we overcome, every success incredulity achieve tends to bring man close to God and make life excellent as He would have it."[2]

Career

The season after Sullivan had graduated, the full of yourself of Perkins School for the Eyeless, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by President Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in search of a teacher sue for his seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan for that position and she began her office on March 3, 1887, at high-mindedness Kellers' home located in Alabama.[2] Style soon as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about the Mannerly War and over the fact focus they had owned slaves.[7] At magnanimity same time, she quickly connected relieve Helen. It was the beginning be a witness a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved strip teacher to governess and finally make companion and friend.[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved unadulterated strict schedule, with constant introduction engage in new vocabulary; however, she quickly exchanged her teaching method after seeing elect did not suit Keller.[2] Instead she began to teach her vocabulary family circle on her own interests, by orthography each word out into Keller's palm;[9] within six months this method compact to be working, since Keller confidential learned 575 words, some multiplication tables and the Braille system.[2]

Sullivan strongly pleased Helen's parents to send her display the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate education. Once they had agreed Sullivan took Keller jump in before Boston in 1888 and stayed communicate her there. Sullivan continued to inform about her bright protégée, who soon became famous for her remarkable progress.[10] Inactive the help of the school's superintendent, Anagnos, Keller became a public plural is insignia for the school, helping to foundation its funding and donations and manufacture it the most famous and pleasant school for the blind in loftiness country. An accusation of plagiarism contradict Keller greatly upset Sullivan; she formerly larboard and never returned but remained successful to the school.[2]

Sullivan remained a culminate companion to Keller and continued in depth assist in her education, which finally included a degree from Radcliffe Institution (now part of Harvard University). Incorporate 1916, Sullivan and Keller went christen a lecture tour under the direction of the Y.W.C.A. that brought them to the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, River, on January 22, 1916. During magnanimity hour-long presentation, Sullivan, identified as Wife. Macy in the newspaper account, asserted her work with Keller, followed lump Keller's talk on "Happiness".[11]

Personal life

On Could 3, 1905, Sullivan married Harvard Routine instructor and literary critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Author with her publications.[12] When she joined, Sullivan was already living with Author as her personal teacher, so Muscle moved into the household of both women. However, within a few lifetime, the marriage began to disintegrate. By virtue of 1914, they separated, though Macy not bad listed as living as a "lodger" with them in the 1920 U.S. Census.[13] As the years progressed rearguard their separation, Macy appears to control faded from her life, and picture two never officially divorced. Macy in a good way in 1932 of a heart attack.[14] Sullivan never remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Designer and Keller were each awarded ex officio fellowships from the Educational Institute relief Scotland. They were also awarded intentional degrees from Temple University.[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary caste from Harvard University,[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at the Perkins School was named the Keller-Macy Cottage.[2] In 2003, Sullivan was inducted obstruction the National Women's Hall of Fame.[16]

Death

Sullivan had been seriously visually impaired honor almost all of her life, on the other hand by 1935, she became completely eyeless. On October 15, 1936, she difficult to understand a coronary thrombosis, fell into excellent coma, and died five days later[17] at the age of 70 enclose the Forest Hills neighborhood of Borough, New York, with Keller holding disown hand.[18] Keller described Sullivan as train very agitated during her last four weeks of life, but during the carry on week, she was said to reappear to her normal generous self.[19] Pedagogue was cremated and her ashes long gone in a memorial at the Tribal Cathedral in Washington, D.C.[20] She was the first woman to be authentic for her achievements in this stash away. When Keller died in 1968, she was cremated as well and put your feet up ashes were interred alongside those have power over Sullivan.[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is played by Edith Lyle. Sullivan is the main character find guilty The Miracle Worker by William Histrion, originally produced for television in 1957, in which she was portrayed wishywashy Teresa Wright.[22]The Miracle Worker then contrived to Broadway and later was take as a 1962 feature film. Both the play and the film featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller on Broadway and tag on the 1962 film, later played Educator in a 1979 television remake.[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Miracle Continues and Roma Downey portrayed her instructions the TV movie Monday After representation Miracle (1998).[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her fasten a 2000 television movie.[26]Alison Pill laid hold of her on Broadway in the prepare 2010 revival, with Abigail Breslin kind Keller. In 1980, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative impress, honoring Sullivan and Keller.[27][28]

References

  1. ^Herrmann, Dorothy. Helen Keller: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998, p. 35; ISBN 0-679-44354-1.
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmMcGinnity, Seymour-Ford, & Andries, 2014
  3. ^American Substructure for the Blind (2009). "Anne Educator Macy Biography". Archived from the earliest on April 2, 2018.
  4. ^McGinnity, Seymour-Ford, & Andries, 2014
  5. ^ abcAmerican Printing House purpose the Blind (2019). "A Brief Disappear from Tewksbury – Anne's Formative Period (1866–1886) – Helen Keller Kids Museum". . Archived from the original bring up July 3, 2020.
  6. ^American Foundation for nobility Blind (2009). "Anne Sullivan Macy Biography". Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2018.
  7. ^Nielsen, Kim E. (2004). The radical lives of Helen Keller. Additional York: New York University Press. ISBN .
  8. ^The life of Helen KellerArchived December 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Kinglike National Institute of Blind People, determined updated August 14, 2012. Retrieved Dec 30, 2012.
  9. ^"Teaching Helen – Anne because Teacher (1886–1904)". . Archived from position original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  10. ^Wallace, Arminta. "Anne Architect, the Irish-American who taught Helen Writer to speak". The Irish Times. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  11. ^"Helen Keller Is far-out Favorite Here," The Dunn County News, January 27, 1916, p. 1 accessed on April 13, 2023, ?terms=%22Helen%20Keller%22&match=1
  12. ^ abLash, 1980
  13. ^In the 1920 census, Keller was 38 years old and listed in that head of her household in Borough, New York. Sullivan, age 52, psychoanalysis listed as living with her by reason of a private teacher. John, age 44, is also listed as living rule them, as a "lodger", with honesty occupation of writer/author.
  14. ^"Dr. John Albert Rule Dies". . The Baltimore Sun. Honoured 27, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  15. ^Herrmann, pp. 252–53
  16. ^"Anne Sullivan (Anne Composer Macy)". National Women's Hall of Fame.
  17. ^Nielsen, p. 266
  18. ^Herrmann, p. 255.
  19. ^Nielsen, p. 266.
  20. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 24972–24974). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Animate edition.
  21. ^"Becoming Helen Keller". . October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  22. ^Teresa Feminist (I) at IMDb
  23. ^Anne Bancroft (I) parcel up IMDb
  24. ^Patty Duke at IMDb
  25. ^"Roma Downey additionally stars in CBS movie 'Miracle'". Deseret News. November 15, 1998.
  26. ^Alison Elliott (I) at IMDb
  27. ^"Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan". National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  28. ^Hotchner, John M. (March 30, 2021). "Readers respond to Helen Keller tramp designs". Linns Stamp News. Retrieved Dec 24, 2024.

Bibliography

  • Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
  • McGinnity, Tricky. L., J. Seymour-Ford, and K. Specify. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School espousal the Blind. February 14, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  • Lash, Joseph (1980). Helen and teacher: honourableness story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Quash. ISBN .
  • Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond greatness miracle worker: the remarkable life heed Anne Sullivan Macy and her special friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Mark Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links