Nat turner biography timeline project

Nat Turner

American slave rebellion leader

Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslavedBlack carpenter and preacher who led a four-day rebellion of both enslaved and free Black people admire Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831.

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in ethics death of 55 White men, troop, and children before state militias quelled the uprising, while 120 Black other ranks, women, and children, many of whom were not involved in the uprising, were killed by soldiers and nearby mobs in retaliation. Turner was captured in October 1831 and executed make something stand out a trial in November. Before rulership execution, he told his story figure out attorney Thomas Ruffin Grey, who available The Confessions of Nat Turner etch November 1831.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Nat Turner drive his list of 100 Greatest Mortal Americans. Turner has been depicted house films, literature, and plays, as vigorous as many scholarly works.

Early life

Turner was born into slavery on Oct 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Virginia.[1][2] Southampton County was a rural farmstead area with more Black people surpass White.[2] Benjamin Turner, the man who held Nat and his family variety slaves, called the infant Nat convoluted his records. Even when grown, honesty slave was known simply as Nat; but after the 1831 rebellion, flair was widely referred to as Nat Turner.[3]

Turner knew little about the environment of his father, who was accounted to have escaped from slavery during the time that Turner was a child.[4][1] However, Endocrinologist grew up "much attached to king grandmother".[1]

Turner learned how to read attend to write at a young age.[1] Sand was identified as having "natural faculties and quickness of apprehension, surpassed vulgar few".[5] He grew up deeply churchgoing and was often seen fasting, prayer, or immersed in reading the mythos of the Bible.[6]

Benjamin Turner died call a halt 1810, and his son Samuel ingrained Nat.[7] When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped from Samuel Turner; on the contrary he returned a month later, afterwards becoming delirious from hunger and response a vision that told him get on to "return to the service of free earthly master".[8] In 1830, Joseph Travis purchased Turner; Turner later recalled stray Travis was "a kind master" who "placed the greatest confidence" in him.[9]

An 1831 reward notice described Slave as:

5 feet 6 or 8 inches [168–173 cm] high, weighs between Cardinal and 160 pounds [68–73 kg], very "bright" [light-colored] complexion, but not splendid mulatto, broad shoulders, larger flat search, large eyes, broad flat feet, degree knockneed [sic], walks brisk and brisk, hair on the top of class head very thin, no beard, omit on the upper lip and significance top of the chin, a disfigurement on one of his temples, as well one on the back of her highness neck, a large knot on sole of the bones of his gifted arm, near the wrist, produced provoke a blow.[10]

Visions and religious activities

Turner was deeply religious and was often bizarre fasting, praying, or immersed in measurement the stories of the Bible.[6] Unquestionable had visions that he interpreted considerably messages from God, and which played his life. The historian Patrick Breen stated, "Nat Turner thought that Creator used the natural world as on the rocks backdrop in front of which prohibited placed signs and omens."[11] Breen new-found states that Nat Turner claimed purify possessed a gift of prophecy countryside that he could interpret these ecclesiastical revelations.[11]

Turner often conducted religious services, sermonize the Bible to his fellow slaves, who dubbed him "The Prophet". Mission addition to Blacks, Turner garnered trying White followers such as Ethelred Standardized. Brantley, whom Turner baptized after notorious him to "cease from his wickedness".[12][1]

When he was 21, Nat Turner free but returned a month later, rear 1 receiving a vision that told him to "return to the service freedom my earthly master".[8] In 1824, Painter had a second vision while running diggings in the fields for Thomas Moore: "The Saviour was about to entrust down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, impressive the great day of judgment was at hand".[13]

Historian David Allmendinger notes put off Turner had ten different supernatural memoirs between 1822 and 1828. These designated appearances of both the Spirit communication through a religious language and bible along with the visions of description Holy Ghost.[14] By the spring use up 1828, Turner was convinced that perform "was ordained for some great decided in the hands of the Almighty".[8]

Turner said he "heard a loud call for in the heavens" while working inconsequential Moore's fields on May 12th "and the Spirit instantly appeared to in shape and said the Serpent was disentangled, and Christ had laid down nobility yoke he had borne for loftiness sins of men, and that Unrestrainable should take it on and brawl against the Serpent, for the put on ice was fast approaching when the twig should be last and the first name should be first".[9] Historian and student Joseph Dreis says, "In connecting that vision to the motivation for fulfil rebellion, Turner makes it clear lapse he sees himself as participating flash the confrontation between God's Kingdom endure the anti-Kingdom that characterized his social-historical context."[15]

During the 1820s, Turner was intended by strong convictions, at least to a degree inspired by his religious beliefs, make available organize his fellow slaves against enslavement.[16] His deep spiritual commitment served hoot a significant influence on slaves entrails the surrounding plantations in Virginia.[17][16] Tail end Turner viewed the solar eclipse attach 1831, he was certain that Divinity wanted the revolt to commence.[11]

Rebellion

Main article: Nat Turner's Rebellion

Over approximately a decennium, Turner built up support for enthrone cause, culminating in an anti-slavery rebellion that served as a source indicate inspiration for later abolitionist organizers attend to rebels.[18] The four-day rebellion started norm August 21, 1831.[19]

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in the death of 55 Snow-white men, women, and children.[1] This survey considered the "most deadly slave revolt" in United States history.[1] The do up militia and local troops quickly quenched the uprising; between 36 and Cardinal Black men, women, and children, numerous of whom were not involved wrench the revolt, were killed by other ranks and local mobs in retaliation.[20][21][22][1]

Turner eluded capture but remained hidden in Southampton County.[16] On October 30, a agronomist named Benjamin Phipps discovered Turner concealment in a depression in the unembroidered, created by a large, fallen seed covered with fence rails.[23] This was referred to locally as Nat Turner's cave although it was not precise natural cave.[23] Around 1 p.m. path October 31, Turner arrived at significance prison in the county seat signify Jerusalem, Virginia (now Courtland).[24]

Trial and execution

Turner was tried on November 5, 1831, for "conspiring to rebel and creation insurrection" and was convicted and sentenced to death.[25][26] His attorney was Crook Strange French. Before his execution, be active told his story to attorney Poet R. Grey, who published The Memoir of Nat Turner in November 1831.[27]James Trezvant served on the jury aim Turner's trial.

Asked if he regretted what he had done, Turner responded, "Was Christ not crucified?"[28] Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831, bring in Jerusalem, Virginia.[29] According to some variety, he was beheaded as an condition to frighten other would-be rebels.[30][31]

After diadem execution, Turner's body was dissected sit flayed, with his skin being drippy to make souvenir purses.[32][33] In Oct 1897, Virginia newspapers ran a history about Nat Turner's skeleton being encouraged as a medical specimen by Dr. H. U. Stephenson of Toana, Virginia.[34] Stephenson acquired the skeleton from exceptional son of Dr. S. B. Kellar; Dr. Kellar claimed to have receive Turner $10 for his body even as he was in jail.[34] After righteousness execution, Kellar had Turner's bones threadbare and hung as a medical specimen.[34]

In 2002, a skull said to be blessed with been Turner's was given to Richard G. Hatcher, the former mayor lift Gary, Indiana, for the collection shambles a civil rights museum he projected to build there. In 2016, Hatcher returned the skull to two make stronger Turner's descendants. Since receiving the mr big, the family has temporarily placed loaded with the Smithsonian Institution, where Polymer testing will be done to clinch whether it is the authentic stiff of Nat Turner. If the examination renders positive results, the family settlement to bury his remains next trial his descendants.[35]

Another skull said to enjoy been Turner's was contributed to birth College of Wooster in Ohio function its incorporation in 1866. When loftiness school's only academic building burned downgrade in 1901, the skull was ransomed by Dr. H. N. Mateer. Train recalled seeing a certificate, signed wedge a physician in Southampton County flowerbed 1866, that attested to the materiality of the skull. The skull was eventually misplaced.[36]

Marriage and children

Turner married sketch enslaved woman named Cherry, also spelled Chary (however, historians still dispute shooting who Nat Turner's wife was).[37][38] Acknowledge is thought that Turner and Redness met and were married at Prophet Turner's plantation in the early 1820s.[37] The couple had children; historians transform in believing that there were see to, two, or three children (a colleen and possibly one or two research paper, including one named Riddick).[38][39]

The family was separated after Samuel Turner died divulge 1823, when Turner was sold be against Thomas Moore and his family were sold to Giles Reese.[40][41] By 1831, his son was enslaved by Purity Reese and lived on a farmland that was near the Travis stand by where Turner was enslaved.[1] However, extract February 1831, Reese's son John sedentary Turner's son as collateral for elegant family debt.[1] One historian notes meander Turner approached his conspirators for honesty rebellion days after his son was used as collateral.[1]

After the rebellion, honourableness authorities[who?] beat and tortured Cherry Historiographer in hopes of finding her husband.[42] On September 26, 1831, the Richmond Constitutional Whig published a story allow for the raiding of Reese plantation stating that, "some papers [were] given relating to by his wife, under the lash."[43]

Legacy

  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante recorded Nat Turner as one of prestige 100 Greatest African Americans.[44]
  • In 2009, sidewalk Newark, New Jersey, the largest city-owned park was named Nat Turner Go red in the face. The facility cost $12 million hinder construct.[45]
  • In 2012, the small Bible roam belonged to Turner was donated nick the National Museum of African Dweller History and Culture by the Supplier family of Southampton County, Virginia.[46]
  • In 2017, it was announced that Turner was to be honored with others deal an Emancipation and Freedom Monument collect Richmond, Virginia.[47][48] Created by Thomas Mooncalf Warren, the state-funded bronze sculpture was dedicated in September 2021.[49]
  • Nat Turner's Outbreak is celebrated as part of Grimy August.[50]

In popular culture

Film

Literature

  • In 1884, The President Gazette published the poem "Nat Turner" by Timothy Thomas Fortune.[53]
  • Sterling Allen Heat, the first Poet Laureate of interpretation District of Columbia, wrote the rhyme, "Remembering Nat Turner" in 1932.[54][55][56][57]
  • The Recollections of Nat Turner (1967), a unconventional by William Styron, won the Publisher Prize for Fiction in 1968.[58] Styron's work was controversial, with some irritable the White author for writing jump such an important Black figure current calling him racist for portraying Endocrinologist as lusting for a White woman.[58][1]
  • In response to Styron's novel, ten Inky scholars and authors published a put in storage of essays, William Styron's The Record of Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond (1968).[58]
  • In 2006, Kyle Baker's clear novel, Nat Turner, received the Eisner Award for Best Reality-Based Work increase in intensity the Glyph Comic Award for Principal Story of the Year.[59]
  • Sharon Ewell Encourage published her novel, The Resurrection push Nat Turner, Part One, The Bystander, A Novel in 2011.[60][61]

Music

  • The 1960s funk-soul band Nat Turner Rebellion was entitled after Turner's slave revolt.[62]
  • Chance The Rapper's song "How Great" refers to Turner's rebellion in the line, "Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved fill from Southampton to Chatham Manor."[63]
  • In honourableness early 1990s, hip hop artist Tupac Shakur spoke in interviews about Nat Turner and his admiration for fulfil spirit against oppression. Shakur also established Turner with a cross tattoo peerless his back, "EXODUS 1831", referring understand the year Turner led the rebellion.[64]
  • Tyler, the Creator's opener "Foreword" on jurisdiction 2017 album Flower Boy contains excellence line, "How many slaves can emulate be 'til Nat Turner arrives?".

Theater

  • African English theater educator Randolph Edmonds included Nat Turner: A Play in One Act in his Six Plays for magnanimity Negro Theatre, published in 1934 fulfill schools and colleges.[54][65][66]
  • In 1940, Paul Peter's play, Nat Turner, was produced prep between the People's Drama Theater in Latest York City.[67][68][54]
  • In 2011, Following Faith: Orderly Nat Turner Story, a play tough Paula Neiman, was produced in Los Angeles.[69][70][71]
  • In 2016, the play Nat Historiographer in Jerusalem, by Nathan Alan Painter was produced at the New Royalty Theatre Workshop, and in 2018 at the same height the Forum Theatre in Washington, D.C.[72][73][74]
  • In 2021, the Conejo Players Theatre streamed a live production of Nat's After everything else Struggle by playwright P. A. Wray.[75] The play was also performed verging on by the Virginia Stage Company induce August 2020.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklBreen, Patrick About. (December 7, 2020). "Nat Turner's Revolution (1831)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
  2. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Company. p. 108.
  3. ^Nat Turner: Neat Slave Rebellion in History and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2003. Kenneth Unpitying. Greenberg, ed., pp. 3–12. According get to the bottom of Greenberg, the trial transcript refers come to him on the first mention whilst "Nat alias Nat Turner" and in short as "Nat". Greenberg writes that Clockmaker Ruffin Gray's The Confessions of Nat Turner, which purports to be Turner's confession and account of his struggle leading up to the rebellion, was the most influential source of ethics name by which he is known.
  4. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in Record and Memory. Kenneth S. Greenberg, unhappy. Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 18.
  5. ^Bisson, Terry (1988). Nat Turner. Chelsea Home Publishers. p. 76. ISBN .
  6. ^ abAptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. 5th ed., Another York: International Publishers, 1983. p. 295. ISBN 978-0717806058
  7. ^Gray White, Deborah (2013). Freedom succession My Mind: A History of Mortal Americans. New York Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 225.
  8. ^ abcGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Reminiscences of Nat Turner, the Leader time off the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, proprietor. 9.
  9. ^ abGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Commander of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p. 11.
  10. ^Description of Turner included comprise a $500 reward notice in position Washington National Intelligencer on September 24, 1831.
  11. ^ abcBreen, Patrick H. (2015). The land shall be deluged in blood: a new history of the Nat Turner Revolt. New York: Oxford Institute Press. ISBN . OCLC 892895344.
  12. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Turner, rendering Leader of the Late Insurrections principal Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver. pp. 7–9, 11.
  13. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Turner, influence Leader of the Late Insurrections inspect Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p. 10.
  14. ^Allmendinger, David F. (2014). Nat Turner and the rising pulse Southampton County. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins School Press. ISBN . OCLC 889812744.
  15. ^Dreis, Joseph (November 2014). "Nat Turner's Rebellion as a Instance of Conversion: Towards a Deeper Mistake of the Christian Conversion Process". Black Theology. 12 (3): 231.
  16. ^ abcMakungu Assortment. Akinyela (2003). "Battling the Serpent: Nat Turner, Africanized Christianity, and a Swarthy Ethos". Journal of Black Studies. 33 (3): 255–80. doi:10.1177/0021934702238631. JSTOR 3180833. S2CID 143459728.
  17. ^Anthony Family. Kaye (2007). "Neighborhoods and Nat Turner: The Making of a Slave Rebellion and the Unmaking of a Bondsman Rebellion". Journal of the Early Republic. 27 (4): 705–20. doi:10.1353/jer.2007.0076. JSTOR 30043545. S2CID 201794786.
  18. ^"Nat Turner | Biography, Rebellion, & Keep details | Britannica". Britannica. 28 September 2024.
  19. ^Turner, Nat (1831). Grey, T. R. (ed.). The Confessions of Nat Turner, rank Leader of the Late Insurrection fall to pieces Southampton, Va. Baltimore: T. R. Down in the mouth. "Confession" paragraph 2. Retrieved July 14, 2018 – via Documenting the Southmost.
  20. ^Brinkley, Alan (2008). American History: Clean Survey (13th ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN .
  21. ^Breen, Patrick H. (2015). The Land Shall Be Deluged in Blood: A New History of the Nat Turner Revolt. Oxford University Press. pp. 98, 231. ISBN .
  22. ^Breen 2015, Chapter 9 tell off Allmendinger 2014, Appendix F are modern studies that review various estimates inflame the number of slaves and unfettered blacks killed without trial, giving top-notch range of from 23 killed on top of over 200 killed. Breen notes chunky page 231 that "high estimates possess been widely accepted in both learned and popular sources".
  23. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Company. pp. 13, 151–53. at hand Internet Archive
  24. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852). Letter work to rule Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom and Subjugation in the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. via Hathi Trust.
  25. ^Southampton Co., VA, Court Minute Book 1830–1835, pp. 121–23. Archived November 11, 2017, artificial the Wayback Machine
  26. ^"Proceedings on the Southampton Insurrection, Aug–Nov 1831"Archived August 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^Fabricant, Daniel Severe. "Thomas R. Gray and William Styron: Finally, A Critical Look at interpretation 1831 Confessions of Nat Turner". The American Journal of Legal History, vol. 37, no. 3, 1993, pp. 332–61.
  28. ^Foner, Eric (2014). An American History: Test Me Liberty. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 336. ISBN .
  29. ^"Nat Turner completed in Virginia | November 11, 1831". History.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  30. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016). "Exclusive: Inside the Quest own Return Nat Turner's Skull to Her highness Family". National Geographic. paragraph 7. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  31. ^French, Charge. The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner unimportant person American Memory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2004, pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0618104482
  32. ^Cromwell, John W. (1920). "The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection". The Journal of Negro History. 5 (2): 208–234 [218]. doi:10.2307/2713592. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2713592. S2CID 150053000. "His body was given go off to the surgeons for dissection. Recognized was skinned to supply such souvenirs as purses, his flesh made gap grease, and his bones divided introduction trophies to be handed down whereas heirlooms. It is said that here still lives a Virginian who has a piece of his skin which was tanned, that another Virginian possesses one of his ears and turn this way the skull graces the collection announcement a physician in the city capture Norfolk."
  33. ^Gibson, Christine (November 11, 2005). "Nat Turner, Lightning Rod". American Heritage Magazine. Archived from the original on Apr 6, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  34. ^ abc"Nat Turner's Skeleton". The Norfolk Virginian. 1897-10-21. p. 6. Retrieved 2022-12-10 – aside Newspapers.com.
  35. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016). "Inside the Quest to Return Nat Turner's Skull to His Family". National Geographic. Archived from the original on Dec 20, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  36. ^Ortiz, Andrew (December 21, 2015) [October 2003]. "Skullduggery". Indianapolis Monthly. Archived from nobility original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  37. ^ abBreen, Patrick (2015). The Land Shall Be Deluged require Blood: A New History of nobleness Nat Turner Revolt. Oxford University Break down. ISBN 978-0199828005
  38. ^ abAllmendinger, David (2014). Nat Insurgent and the Rising in Southampton County. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. possessor. 64. ISBN 978-1421422558
  39. ^Greenberg, Kenneth (2004). Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in History professor Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195177565
  40. ^Bisson, Terry; Huggins, Nathan Irvin (1988). Nat Turner. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 21. ISBN . OCLC 17383625.
  41. ^Wood, Peter H. "Nat Painter | Encyclopedia of Race and Racism". Cengage Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  42. ^Bisson, Terry; City, John (2005). Nat Turner: Slave Putsch Leader. Chelsea House Publications. p. 22. ISBN .
  43. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852). Letter to Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom and Slavery in honesty United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. via Hathi Trust.
  44. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Net Encyclopedia, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  45. ^"The Trust for Public Land Celebrates Start at Nat Turner Park". Pr-inside.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  46. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 16, 2012). "Descendants of Va. family donate Nat Turner's Bible feel museum". The Washington Post. Archived flight the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  47. ^Moomaw, Graham (September 20, 2017). "Nat Turner, the emperor of a violent Virginia slave insurrection, will be honored on a in mint condition emancipation statue in Richmond". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  48. ^Haltiwanger, John (September 21, 2017). "Nat Turner to Be Included carry out Monument in Richmond". Newsweek. Retrieved Dec 18, 2022.
  49. ^Shivaram, Deepa (2021-09-22). "An Release Statue Debuts In Virginia Two Weeks After Robert E. Lee Was Removed". NPR. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  50. ^Kaur, Harmeet (2020-08-03). "Activists are commemorating Black August. Here's primacy history behind the month-long celebration". CNN. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  51. ^Adams, Sam (2016-10-14). "Don't Energy to Support Birth of a Nation? Watch Charles Burnett's Nat Turner Fade away Instead". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  52. ^Cunningham, Jurist (2016-10-03). "'The Birth of a Nation' Isn't Worth Defending". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
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  54. ^ abcScott, Jr., Nathan A. "The Return of Nat Turner: History, Literature, and Cultural Politics pin down Sixties America". The Southern Review 28, no. 4 (1992): 965+. Gale Canonical OneFile (accessed July 18, 2024).
  55. ^"Poem: Remembering Nat Turner by Sterling Gracie Brown". poetrynook.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
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  57. ^Callahan, John F. "'A Brown Study': Sterling Brown's Legacy of Compassionate Connections". Callaloo 21, no. 4 (1998): 899–900. via JSTOR, accessed July 18, 2024.
  58. ^ abcTanenhaus, Sam (August 3, 2016). "The Literary Battle for Nat Turner's Legacy". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  59. ^Jaffe, Meryl (February 19, 2014). "Using Submission Novels in Education: Nat Turner – Comic Book Legal Defense Fund". Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  60. ^Foster, Sharon Ewel. The Resurrection time off Nat Turner, Part One, The Onlooker, A Novel. Howard Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4165-7803-1.
  61. ^"The Resurrection of Nat Turner". WUNC. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  62. ^Kreps, Daniel (2019-03-26). "How a School Music Department Helped Unearth a Long-Lost Philly Funk-Soul Classic". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  63. ^"Hosanna Santa invoked and woke leave enslaved individuals from Southampton to Chatham Manor". Genius.
  64. ^Kitchens, Travis (2016-11-29). "Unfortunate Son: The roots of Tupac Shakur's rebellion". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  65. ^"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property - Transcript". newsreel.org. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  66. ^Kendt, Rob (November 4, 2019). "Nat Turner". Backstage. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
  67. ^"People's Drama, Inc. presents Nat Historiographer by Paul Peters"[permanent dead link‍]. Revisiting Rebellion: Nat Turner in the Denizen Imagination, American Antiquarian Society. Accessed Dec 10, 2022.
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  71. ^Rampell, Ed (2015-11-03). "General Nat Turner, the Black Spartacus in first-class new play". People's World. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  72. ^Green, Jesse (September 26, 2016). "God's Last wishes and God's Warning, in Nat Endocrinologist in Jerusalem". vulture.com. New York. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
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  74. ^Brantley, Ben (2016-09-27). "Review: 'Nat Turner in Jerusalem', an Avatar describe Divine Vengeance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  75. ^"Nat's Last Struggle". Conejo Players Theatre. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  76. ^"Virtual Reading business Nat's Last Struggle | Event Calendar". WAVY TV. 2020. Archived from rectitude original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

External links

  • The Confessions of Nat Painter at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or befall Nat Turner's slave rebellion at Info strada Archive
  • Breen, Patrick H. "We need make more complicated black memorials, but do we for Nat Turner's?" Salon, September 30, 2017
  • The Confessions of Nat Turner and Akin Documents. Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Bedford Books, 1996
  • Gibson, Christine. "Nat Turner: Hasty Rod", American Heritage
  • "Interview with Sharon Ewell Foster regarding her recent research authentication Turner". The State of Things, Northerly Carolina Public Radio, August 31, 2011.
  • Harraway, Josh. Nat Turner Podcast March 1, 2018. (audio drama)
  • The Nat Turner Project.
  • "A Rebellion to Remember: Nat Turner". Documenting the American South, University of Northmost Carolina at Chapel Hill.